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Vehicle Drive Range Charging Battery Ecosystem Price

menu_book What the numbers mean

Range

How far a full battery goes. The test cycle is labelled under each figure, and the three are not interchangeable.

EPA
US standard, and the most conservative. Closest to what you'll actually see.
WLTP
European standard. Runs roughly 10–15% higher than EPA for the same car.
CLTC
Chinese standard, the most optimistic — often a third above EPA.

Cold weather cuts any of these by 20–30%. Sustained highway speed costs more than city driving, the opposite of a petrol car.

Fast charging

10–80%
Minutes on a DC fast charger. The number that matters on a road trip.
80–100%
Charging slows sharply past 80% to protect the cells. Most people unplug at 80%.
mi/min
Range added per minute, derived from range and 10–80% time. Better for comparing across cars than raw minutes.

Real times depend on the charger's output, battery temperature and state of charge. Preconditioning makes a large difference.

Battery chemistry

LFP
Lithium iron phosphate. Cheaper, very long-lived, safe to charge to 100% daily — but less energy per pound and weaker in cold.
NMC
Nickel manganese cobalt. The mainstream choice: more range for the weight. Usually charged to 80% day to day.
NCA
Nickel cobalt aluminium. Slightly higher energy density. Common in Tesla and Panasonic cells.

Architecture & ecosystem

400V / 800V
Pack voltage. 800V systems push the same power at half the current, so they charge faster and run cooler.
NACS
Tesla's connector, now the North American standard.
CCS1
The older US and European standard. Adapters to NACS are widely available.
V2L
Vehicle-to-Load. The car can power household devices from its battery.

Driver assistance

SAE levels describe who is responsible for driving, not how good the system feels.

Level 2
Steering plus speed control. You watch the road at all times.
Level 2+
Hands-off on mapped roads, with a camera checking your eyes. Still your responsibility.
Level 3
The car drives within strict limits and you may look away. It hands back control with warning.

A commercial name like FSD Supervised or BlueCruise doesn't set the level — both are Level 2.

Price

MSRP
Base US list price for that trim, before destination, options, taxes or incentives.
$ per mile
Price divided by range. A rough value measure that makes outliers obvious.
Drive
RWD, FWD or AWD. More motors usually means more power and less range.